INVERSION
Inversio atau juga dikenal dengan “anastrophe” adalah pola susunan balik antara subject dan verb untuk menunjukkan penekanan dalam sebuah kalimat. Kalau pada umumnya pola dalam kalimat adalah Subject + verb, maka dalam inversi verb akan muncul mendahului subject (verb + subject). Dalam inversi verb yang muncul di awal bisa saja berupa verb auxiliary (verb bantu) ataupun ordinary (verb utama). Perlu diketahui bahwa inversi tidaklah terjadi begitu saja, artinya selalu ada hal yang menyebabkan suatu kalimat mengalami inversi. Adapun penyebab inversi adalah sebagai berikut:
- Yes/no question
Inversi yang sering kita temui mungkin adalah tipe ini. Dalam kalimat pernyataan, kita mungkin akan mengatakan “you are cool. / Ani eats rice.” dalam pola normal (Subj+Verb). Namun dalam mengalami inversi makan akan berubah menjadi: “are you cool? / does Ani eats rice? (verb + subj)”. contoh lain:
- Present continuous: am I going / are you going
- Past continuous: was he going / were they going
- Present perfect: have we gone / has she gone
- Present perfect continuous: has she been going / have they been going
- Past perfect: had you gone
- Past perfect continuous: had he been going
- Future simple: will they go
- Future continuous: will you be going
- Future perfect: will they have gone
- Future perfect continuous: will she have been going
- Modal verbs: should I go / would you go
- Adanya so atau neither
Dalam eliptical sentence (peringkasan kalimat) yang menggunakan so dan neither, kalimat akan mengalami inversi sebagai konsekwensi peringkasan kalimat untuk menghasilkan makna “saya juga / saya juga tidak”. Contoh:
- A: “i am hungry.”
- B: “so am I.”
- A: “i want to buy a car”
- B: “so do I”
- A: “Adi doesn’t want to eat.”
- B: “Neither do they”
- A: “i am not hungry”
- B: “neither am i”
- Negative adverb & expression
Adverb atau ungkapan yang memiliki tune atau makna negatif juga dapat mengakibatkan suatu kalimat mengalami inversi. Contoh:
| Hardly | Hardly had I got into bed when the telephone rang. |
| Never | Never had she seen such a beautiful sight before. |
| Seldom | Seldom do we see such an amazing display of dance. |
| Rarely | Rarely will you hear such beautiful music. |
| Only then | Only then did I understand why the tragedy had happened. |
| Not only … but | Not only does he love chocolate and sweets but he also smokes. |
| No sooner | No sooner had we arrived home than the police rang the doorbell. |
| Scarcely | Scarcely had I got off the bus when it crashed into the back of a car. |
| Only later | Only later did she really think about the situation. |
| Nowhere | Nowhere have I ever had such bad service. |
| Little | Little did he know! |
| Only in this way | Only in this way could John earn enough money to survive. |
| In no way | In no way do I agree with what you’re saying. |
| On no account | On no account should you do anything without asking me first. |
Inversi tidak hanya terjadi di awal kalimat, tapi ada juga yang terjadi di tengah-tengah kalimat (kalimat kedua) meskipunne gative expession atau adverb nya ada di awwal kalimat. Contoh:
| Not until | Not until I saw John with my own eyes did I really believe he was safe.
awalnya: I really believed he was safe Not until I saw John with my own eyes. |
| Not since | Not since Lucy left college had she had such a wonderful time.
awalnya: she had had such a wonderful time Not since Lucy left college |
| Only after | Only after I’d seen her flat did I understand why she wanted to live there.
awalnya: I understood why she wanted to live there Only after I’d seen her flat. |
| Only when | Only when we’d all arrived home did I feel calm.
awalnya: I felt calm Only when we’d all arrived home |
| Only by | Only by working extremely hard could we afford to eat.
awalnya: we could afford to eat Only by working extremely hard. |
- Adanya there/here
Apabila ada there/here dalam kalimat, maka inversi bisa saja terjadi dengan syarat VERB dalam kalimat harus INTRANSITIVE (tak berobject). Contoh:
- I eat rice here (X = tidak dapat dinversi karena verb transitve)
- The cat sleeps here/there. = here/there sleeps the cat.
- The boy can sit there. = there can the boy sit.
- The girl runs there. = there runs the girl.
- Adanya adverb of place
Sama halnya dengan “there/here”, apabila ada adverb of place dalam suatu kalimat dan verb utamanya adalah intransitive, maka kalimat tersebut akan mengalami inversi. Contoh:
- The cars pass beneath the bridge. = beneath the bridge pass the cars.
- All the money we had lost was on the table. = On the table was all the money we had lost.
- The knights came round the corner. = Round the corner came the knights.
- she came Into the room when I was sleeping. = Into the room came she when I was sleeping.
- a child cries Behind me. = Behind me cries a child.
- a painting hangs Over the table. = Over the table hangs a painting.
Dalam TOEFL part 1 inversi tipe ini juga terkadang muncul 2 kali dalam satu set soal. Jadi hati-hati jika kita melihat preposisi di awal kalimat dan menyerupai subject. Ingat dalam inversi SUBJECT selalu datang SETELAH VERB. Namun yang paling berbahaya adalah saat inversi di gabungkan dengan Passive Voice. Contoh:
- The data on the birth rates is depicted on the table. = depicted on the table is the data on the birth rates.
Perhatikan bentuk inversinya, jika inversi terjadi dalam kalimat aktif maka hanya preposisi + object of preposisinya (OP) yang berpindah ke depan kalimat. Tapi saat inversi terjadi dalam kalimat passive, mak VERB 3 nya juga akan berpindah kedepan sehingga menjadi “depicted on the table is the data on bith rates.”
- Conditional sentence type II
Menulis conditional tipe 2 ini dengan pola biasa sebenarnya tidak akan menjadi masalah dalam writing. Namun untuk menghilangkan “IF” dalam conditional tipe 2 maka kita harus menjadikanya inversi. Contoh:
- Normal conditional: If I had been there, this problem wouldn’t have happened.
- Inversi conditional: Had I been there, this problem wouldn’t have happened.
- Normal conditional: If we had arrived sooner, we could have prevented this tragedy!
- Inversi conditional: Had we arrived sooner, we could have prevented this tragedy!
- Normal conditional: if he Had been there, he could have seen it.
- Inversi conditional: Had he been there, he could have seen it.
- Normal conditional: if I Were the president, I could do the good things.
- Inversi conditional: Were I the president, I could do the good things.
- Normal conditional: if he Were my brother, I would support him to reach his dreams.
- Inversi conditional: Were he my brother, I would support him to reach his dreams.
- So + adjective ……. that
Sebenarnya rumus ino berasal dari kat “so that = sehingga” saat mereka berdua di pisah, maka mereka akan menghaasilkan inversi dengan catatan verb yang di gunakan adalah INTRANSITIVE. Contoh:
- So beautiful was the girl that nobody could talk of anything else. (awalnya: the girl was so beautiful that nobody could talk of anything else.)
- So delicious was the food that we ate every last bite. (awalnya: the food was so delicious that we ate every last bite.)